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- Their 1st war was against the neighboring Etruscans, competing Italian tribes and barbarian invaders
- Roman;s main assets in effort was its superior army
Allies and Colonies
- The Romans were shrewdly generous in their treatment of defeated enemies
- THey tightened their control over the Italian peninsula by creating a network of colonies of settlers from Rome
- Rome had its share of incompetent commanders and panicky soldiers
- however disastrously its armies might be defeated, there were always other armies to take their place
The Punic Wars
- 250 B.C. - Roman methods of conquest and administration paid handsome dividends , all of Italy south of the River Po was in Romans hands
- this success brought Rome into collision with a rival-state beyond the sea
- 700 B.C. - Phoenician colonists was founded
- The Punic Wars were waged on land and sea in 3 vicious rounds between 264 and 146 B.C.
- At the end of the Second Punic War in 202 B.C., Carthage was disarmed and helpless.
- Eventually, fearing a Carthaginian revival, Rome provoked a third war, and in 146 B.C., Carthage was captured after bitter fighting. In a final act of vengeance, the Senate ordered the city
- in 202 B.C., Rome had won control of the western Mediterranean.
Conquering an Empire
- The former possessions of Carthage in Sicily, Spain, and Africa became the first Roman provinces
- after 27 B.C., that the provinces began to share in the benefits of Roman order.
- some local rulers survived by becoming client kings, bound to Rome by ties of allegiance and support like those between Roman patrons and clients
- in the first century A.D. their kingdoms were mostly absorbed into the empire as normal provinces
- Rome's first involvement was in Greece, and it grew out of a special invitation
- Around 200 B.C., ambassadors from various Greek city-states appealed to Rome for aid in resisting the king of Macedonia, who had been allied with Carthage
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