- The War fighting methods of Roman armies
- more consistently , successful than those of the Greeks
- Rome's treatment of conquered enemies was usually more generous
- Italy and its peoples
- Era of Indo-European migrations, when the Hittites moved into Asia Minor and the Greek into the Aegean
- The Indo European settlers formed various tribal groups, among them the Latin people of central Italy
- Around 750 B.C. these settlements joined to form a single city-state, Rome
- 2 main types of people lived in Italy; the Etruscans and the Greeks. They had a decisive influence in the growth of Roman civil.
- Etruscan kings ruled, Rome
- Romans adopted a gladiatorial combats, and the masonry arch
- The Roman Republic: The Senate and the People
- Patricians and Plebeians
- Mixed Government
Republican Values
- The City and the Gods
- the Republic, Rome had a special relationship with 3 deities, whose joint temple stood on the Capitol
- These deities were the sky-god Jupiter (Zeus) - whom Greek city-states worshiped
- the fertility goddess Juno(the same as Hera) , & Minerva (Athena), goddess of skill and wisdom
- Citizens and the Community
- Men took for granted that the women of Rome had no right , duty to share in politics & gov.
- The Community and the Family
Vocab:
- Patricians: Upper-class citizens who belonged to the oldest and noblest Roman families
- Republic: In reference to ancient Rome, the system of city-state gov. in which decision-making power was shared between the Senate and assemblies of male citizens
- Plebeians: The Roman common people, including workers, small farmers, and wealthy people who were not patricians
- Senate: In ancient Rome, a gov. assembly appointed by the king, and under the Republic by the consuls; originally all members were patricians, but in time wealthy plebeians were appointed as well
- Consuls: In the Roman Republic, 2 senators who led the gov. and military for 1-yr. terms and appointed their own successors
- Dictator: In the Roman Republic, a single leader with full decision-making powers, appointed for a maximum 6 month term during times of emergency
- Tribunes:Magistrates elected by the plebeians, who eventually gained the power to initiate and veto laws
- Client: A person who provides personal services in return for money and protection from a patron
- Patron: A wealthy person who supports other with money and protection in exchange for personal services
- Pontiff: In ancient Rome , one of the Republic's leading priest
- Paterfamilias: The " family father" in ancient Rome, who had unlimited power over his household
- Matron: Title of honor given to a married woman in ancient Rome
CHRONOLOGY
- 9th century B.C.
- Etruscans move into Italy
- 8th century B.C.
- 1st Greek colonies in southern Italy; settlements near the mouth of the Tiber River join to form the city-state
- 7th century B.C.
- Etruscans conquer Latium
- 500 B.C.
- Rome overthrows Etruscan rule
- Rome became a Greek-style city-state that was no longer ruled by kings
- Romen Gov systems : The Republic
- For several centuries more stable and more effective than any in Greece
- 450 B.C.
- 12 tables, first written Roman legal code
- 264 - 146 B.C.
- Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage
- 250 B.C.
- All of Italy south of the River Po is in Roman hands; plebeians share political rights with patricians
- 202 B.C.
- Rome wins control of western Mediterranean
- 1st century B.C.
- Most non-Romans in Italy win citizen rights; Romans expand into the eastern Mediterranean and then into western Europe
- 44 B.C. Julius Caesar becomes dictator for life; members of the Senantes assassinate him
- 31 B.C. Octavian's forces defeat Antony and Cleopatra; Octavian becomes supreme ruler of Rome
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